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and citizens as well as the adoption of oppressive Nazi

laws that were resented by any moral man.

In retaliation, various forms of active and passive

aggression were undertaken by resistance groups,

ranging from anti-Nazi & anti-Vichy regime radio

broadcasts and underground newspapers to violent,

outright acts of rebellion

On 21st August 1940, a German naval cadet, became the

first casualty of the French Resistance, over 150

Parisians were shot in retaliation. On 22nd June 1940,

all communist groups in France united to form a

singular collective union. Germany’s Operation

Barbarossa (invasion of the Soviet Union) in 1941 resulted in humongous droves of French

Communists joining the movemen

On 1st January 1942, Jean Moulin (former Mayor of Chartes) was parachuted into France, as he

hoped to provide organized leadership and structural assistance to the movement. On 15th April

1942, French anarchists attacked the German headquarters at Arras in France. A militant Jewish

resistance organization dubbed Armée Juive (Jewish Army) was also founded in 1942.

By 27th May 1943, Jean Moulin convinced numerous resistance units to combine to form the

Conseil National de la Resistance (CNR). In the first meeting of the CNR, chaired by Moulin, de
Gaulle was recognised as the leader of the effort. However, on 21st June, Moulin was betrayed to
the German Gestapo and was tortured to death on his way to a concentration camp. Henri Giraud